Current Changes and Challenges in Hospital/Physician Relations

The rate at which hospitals are employing physicians has gone up in many communities because of the need to increase revenue and market share of companies in the healthcare industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Changes and Challenges in Hospital/Physician Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Orange County is the exceptions. For instance, in Boston, non-employed physicians are tightly kept in alignment with the dominant system of the hospital by physician organizations. In California, the law does not allow direct employment of physicians and includes northern part of New Jersey. Most physicians prefer operating alone or in groups based on the community.1 O’Malley, Bond and Berenson argue that the relationship between physicians and hospitals has been weakened by various factors.2 Improved technology has contributed to decrease in reliability of physicians in hospitals. The number of physi cians required in hospitals has been cut down by use of machinery in hospitals. To increase market share, hospitals have begun to employ physicians to cover well-paid special services like orthopedic and cardiac care. Much attention has been drawn to employment of potential physicians in hospitals to enhance the quality and efficiency of medical services. Short-term employment for physician is also offered in hospital organizations. The challenges faced by physicians encourage them to seek for employment in hospitals and other organizations. For instance, they desire to lead better lives, and they incur reimbursement for increased cost of private practice. Primary care Physicians (PCSs) find it hard to be independent because of the rise in overhead costs and flat reimbursement rates. This makes it difficult for significant generation of revenue through ancillary and procedure services.3 According to O’Malley, Bond and Berenson, communication between in and out patient provide rs, even within the same institution is a major challenge. Pre and post hospital coordination of care in hospitals should be well integrated. In the current environment in which services are delivered in exchange for payment of some amount, communication remains a challenge for many hospitals.4 The results of interviews in a Community Tracking Study (CTS) show that the number of physicians employed in hospitals has gone high. In most hospitals and health facilities, the number of part time or unemployed physicians are rebelling against the rules and regulations of the institutions they work for.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their form of rebellion include failing to participate in medical staff committees that are usually comprised of medical workers, failing to pick emergency calls and establishing their private facilities other than the health institutions they work for . Physicians have to choose between two options, competing with hospitals or being employed in hospitals.5 The voluntary medical staff model that was used to explain the existing relationship between physicians and hospitals has lost its relevance. Although voluntary medical services are still offered by some physicians, large numbers prefer getting employment in hospitals whereas others want to compete with the hospital. Heavy procedure-based specialties and other medical specialists may also be employed. It is clear that there have been significant changes and challenges in the relationship between hospitals and physicians although other challenges still exist.6 Bibliography Casalino, Lawrence, November, Elizabeth, Berenson, Robert, and Pham, Hoangmai. â€Å"Hospital-physician relations: Two tracks and the decline of the voluntary medical staff model.† Health Affairs 27.5 (2008). O’Malley, Ann, Bond, Amelia, and Berenson, Robert. â€Å"Rising Hospital Employment of Physicians: Better Quality, Higher Costs?† Center for Studying Health System Change 136 (2011). Footnotes 1 Ann, O’Malley, Amelia, Bond, and Robert, Berenson. â€Å"Rising hospital employment of physicians: Better quality, higher costs?† Center for Studying Health System Change 136 (2011). P.5. 2 Ibid. p.6.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Changes and Challenges in Hospital/Physician Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More 3 Ann, O’Malley, Amelia, Bond, and Robert, Berenson. â€Å"Rising hospital employment of physicians: Better quality, higher costs?† Center for Studying Health System Change 136 (2011). P.6 4 Ibid. p. 8. 5 Lawrence, Casalino, Elizabeth, November, Robert, Berenson, and Hoangmai, Pham. â€Å"Hospital-physician relations: Two tracks and the decline of the voluntary medical staff model.† Health Affairs 27.5 (2008). P.1. 6 Ibid. p.1 This essay on Current Changes and Challenges in Hospital/Physician Relations was written and submitted by user Taraji Whitfield to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sony PESTLE Analysis The WritePass Journal

Sony PESTLE Analysis Introduction: Sony PESTLE Analysis Introduction:Different factors affecting sony company:Political/legal environmental:Economical factors:Social factors:Technological factor:Logistic and supply chain of Sony:Supply chain management of Sony:ConclusionRelated Introduction: This course work is to evaluate the different factors affecting the international business. Such as political, social, economical, and technological. You will see all these factors to be discussed in a chosen company and it   also contains supply chain with logistic process of the chosen company.   International business is the process of integration and interaction among the people.   it is the process of boosting the interdependence and connectivity of the world markets and businesses. In the recent two decades, this process speeded up and it helped allot of companies to be known by people all over the world, Sony is one of those companies, which speeded up its growth and become one of the best companies in the world. Sony was founded in capital of japan Tokyo in 1946; it was the idea of two men engineer masaru ibuka and akio morita a physicist. They decided to make the company of the repairing the electronic equipment’s at very beginning the company had no machinery and had little scientific equipment’s  Ã‚   â€Å" In 1955, the company decided to use the SONY logo on Totsuko products and three years later changed its name to Sony Corporation†. 12/03/11 Sony was the combination of two concepts one was   (Sony boy) popular expression in japan to describe the younger person, the other was Latin word  Ã‚     sonus which is the root of words such as sound and sonic. The new name attracted the market of its younger age people with energy and passion for unlimited creation. In 1959 Sony launched its first magnetite –coated   paper based recording tape. that was the first tape which has been launched in japan, before people were not familiar with tape. In 1954 sony won the licence for making the transistors which has newly been invented on that time in America but till now it remained un applied to the radios. â€Å"ground-breaking developments include the first Trinitron Colour Television in 1968, the colour video cassette player in 1971, the Betamax VCR in 1975, the Walkman in 1979, the worlds first CD player in 1982, the 8mm camcorder based on a universal standard in 1985, the first consumer-use digital video camcorder in 1995, the next generation high capacity optical disc Blu-ray Disc recorder in 2003 and the worlds first consumer use digital HD video camera recorder conforming to HDV standards in 2004, just to mention a few historic Sony milestones.† sony.co.uk/hub/european-graduate-programme/3/1   accessed on 18/03/2011. Sony is well-known globalized country with big range of its product in all over the world. It includes   of BRAVIA TV, reader   ebook, compact cameras system(NEX), camera, VAIO laptop s/DIGITAL HOME, DSLR, camcorder, Walkman mp3/mp4 player, home cinema, projectors,   DVD recorder, blue-ray Disc player, hi fi, accessories, car stereo, headphones, photo frame, bloggie, play station and   sony professional, sony.co.uk/section/home accessed on 17/03/11 on march 17 Thursday 2011 Sony brook the record in fifty one east the leading retail in Qatar. By claiming 40% of the shares in Qatar, Sony turned into its top market in the world. ameinfo.com/259496-large.html accessed on 21/03/11 Different factors affecting sony company: â€Å"Analyse of the   external environment could be assist by acronym PEST, which is standing for political, economical, sociocultural, and technological factors. It is   also known as environmental scanning. PEST is useful tool to monitor and evaluate forces and factors affecting the company in long term† J Morrison (2002). Political/legal environmental: It is roles and regulation, which has been imposed by a stable government on the business. On the other hand, these changes may expected from the government in the future by business. Political factors of Sony can be changed at any time, which could affect business of the Sony at time of change. As well as instability in political situation of country will affect the business Reduction in recession and credit crunch could cause Sony to speed up its trade; meanwhile same situation could happen for the competitors of Sony, which may affect Sony negatively. Therefore, Sony needs to be very careful to its innovation and idea generation. Sony is globalized company so that changing in international law or trade restriction could affect the way in which Sony works, and Sony needs to follow the rules and regulations, that are imposed by the government. The terms legal always cannot come with term political because most of the time, by change in the politics of a country the legal terms and condition for business environment may remain the same. So that it could be named exceptionally, separate from political environments. Economical factors: The essencial factor by which growth of the economy could be assessed is economical factor. It could cover around the major aspects such as unemployment, wages, rising in spending of consumers and which sectors of economy is growing which sectors are not. J Morrison(2002). However the economic situation of Sony was reported not in good condition , cause of the economic shrunk. Due to this, economic shrunk and credit crunch the exchange rate was affected which could be related to Sony because it is international business and it is the key point which need to be taken into consideration being an international business. certainly the price selection will effect also. Recently the economic situation of Sony got worst in japan cause of the earthquake, which hated japan. Sony reported that it has 110 employees at two offices in Tokyo without injuries during the tremor. The northern part of japan hated by earthquake was huge responsible for supplying the electronics industries with components. At the same time, it affected the relationship of Sony with their suppliers. Now Sony focuses on replacement of the destroyed offices and keeping the relationship with their suppliers.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://news.softpedia.com/news/ accessed on 24/03/11. Social factors: Even though Sony has gained reputation, cause of it is quality services and products they provided. Still needs to be well aware of the customer demand, good communication with the people, Changes in lifestyle of people, the increase on woman leaving work. Generally educational level of population, the extent of educational facilities for women, and taking part in business life. These all are the key factors which Sony needs to consider and must have social involvement in most needed things for the people such as infrastructure system. In the case of ignorance of these factors socially Sony will damage its image. J Mmorrison(2002) babette E and criag S. Fleisher analysis without paralysis FT Press (2008) Technological factor: One of the four important factors, which is essential for the company to assess its external environment is technological factor. And Sony works around the technology every day. sony should use new and upgraded technology in productivity which could may give sony competitive advantages and leading market. By using the new technology sony can do research by which Sony can respond to the demand of its customers.   scribd.com/doc/26203913/Sony-Corporation-PEST-SWOT-Analysis accessed on 24/03/11 Logistic and supply chain of Sony: Sony’s global logistics company, continuous innovation according to the global market and tries to tighten the inventories as much as possible. Sony has 75 factories around the world and 200 global sales networks, according the estimate of international logistics experts, Sony group’s 160,000 TEUs annual global cargo, which is one of the large skill productions of manufacturers and shippers. One of Logistics parts of Sony, which is located in west coast of U.S. it focuses on logistics centre in Carson, near to los Angeles, facing with some problems but Sony’s view that the in current technical conditions the management for these risks the following points could be the solution, its benefit is to reduce the number of employees, and decrease the logistics operation centre into a single centre. It is not only because of decreasing the unnecessary financial resources or decreasing in total investment in logistics infrastructure but also to improve the effectiveness and efficiency in logistics sector. Sony has counted the world’s cheapest logistics operator in the U.S. currently, due to implementing of some e xports of priority planning, the departure procedures of Singapore air shipment of 7 days turned into 4 days of shipping and air to 1 day. Sony logistics management tries to increase the sales in logistics services, part from that tries to reduce the waste of Sony logistics resources. laowee.com . accessed on 06/04/11 Supply chain management of Sony: Sony is committed with fair business practice in all its activities. Sony has the same expectations from its suppliers in spite of their location. Sony makes it easy for the supplier whom they are working with to be accessed by them in order to build relationship based on mutual trust. In complying with regulations, law and social standards and being a good corporate citizen, Sony works to response the demand of the customers. And Sony expects same from its suppliers.   For maintaining the sound financial and operating bases, Sony believes that all activities of procurement shall be conducted on regular basis. For uninterrupted supply of parts and materials suppliers need to provide their financial base, also information on management policies and operations. Beside these all Sony consideration to environmental conservation and its one of central element of Sony’s management policy, Sony and its suppliers need to work together for decreasing there operation impact on environment. Sony has it own† †¦.green partner environmental quality approval program†¦.† Suppliers are required to qualify it while signing deal with Sony. In this innovative world Sony has not left back and tried hard to keep their customers with new an updated products which could give them excitement, satisfaction and good quality and suppliers who want to make partnership with Sony they should have skills and technology which is required by Sony and they should be able to generate new values by creating new unique technonology capability. the Relationship of Sony with his suppliers involve E-commerce, which allow both sides to share the information for enabling the transactions to be performed effectively and efficiently, the employees who ever working with Sony are well aware of E-commerce there for suppliers are required to have the skills of E-commerce as well. Sony has its own quality assurance program through which the quality of new entrance supplier to Sony Company could assured and accepted. Conclusion One of the most important and essential point which could give the company the leading age in market is price therefore Sony   tries to have competitive price from their suppliers in order to have competitiveness of Sony products by which Sony could gain competitive advantages and play its major rule in market via low price selection. Sony has connection to each supplier   through their products supplied to sony. Each supplier is required to be capable of delivering the products on time, therefore Sony can fulfil the demand of customer by its appropriate way as it’s required . sony.net accessed on 06/04/11.   this is the basic structure of supply chain of sony.

Using the concept of narrative and discourse, deconstruct one aspect Essay

Using the concept of narrative and discourse, deconstruct one aspect of international development - Essay Example Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe are also credited for advancement of this theory and most importantly hegemonic discourse. Antonio Gramsci on the other hand, is credited for coining the term hegemony referring to the predominance of one social class over others. The dominant class projects its own way of viewing the world and the dominated classes take this view as ‘common sense’ or ‘natural’. Hegemonic discuss most often involves discussions about the developed and developing countries with the developed countries especially U.S assuming the role of a hegemony that controls or regulates the rest of the world in what Brand refers to as â€Å"global governance† (155-176). Theorists agree that discourse involves power relations in society and that hegemonic practice is a form of political activity or struggle (Howarth & Stavrakakis 2). This essay will use the hegemonic discourse to deconstruct one aspect of international development: global governance and in particular developing countries. According to Laclau and Mouffe, every material object is articulated within discourse thus it is not determined by nature. The main assumption of discourse theory is that all objects and actions are meaningful, and their meaning is conferred by historically specific systems of rules. For them The fact that every object is constituted as an object of discourse has nothing to do with whether there is a world external to thought, or with that realism/idealism opposition. An earthquake occurs here and now independent of my will. But whether their specifity as object is constructed in terms of ‘natural phenomenon’ or ‘expressions of the wrath of God’ depends upon restructuring of discursive field. What is derived is not that such objects exist externally to thought, but the rather different assertion that they constitute themselves as objects

Language Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Language Games - Essay Example Wittgenstein argues that people create meaning of words in the context of language game. Whilst watching soccer, the philosophical ideas occurred to Ludwig that in case a person without soccer knowledge is watching the football match, the game would seem meaningless to him. Therefore, for him to understand the meaning of the football game, he should first recognize the rules applied in the soccer game. However, the confusion erupts when people use language according to rules inappropriate to the circumstances. This confusion arises in case people do not understand the context of the language rules imposed upon a certain discourse. In fact, one cannot understand the truth from untruth, but those who understand the rules of the language game can only find the similarities and differences in other games (Kuusela 46). This is because the rules of the language games are inherently different; thus to understand them appropriately, one should first understand the rules applied in the language games. Other philosophers such as Socrates, Parmenides, Hume and other people such as Heraclitus and Nietzsche went wrong in their thinking. For instance, Nietzsche wrote critical texts about religion, science and philosophy in an ironical, metaphorical and aphorism way. The Socrates also understood language in different way; thus, they presented their philosophical ideas in different context withou t following rules applied in the language

International trade, economic integration and international marketing Essay

International trade, economic integration and international marketing - Essay Example Today a large number of organizations carry out international marketing campaigns. This saves considerable costs as well as drives a global message. This has been supported by the use of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter for marketing which absolutely remove the international communication barriers. However, there are also several cultural impacts of international marketing. Either a firm has to adapt itself to the culture of the various international markets or it has to make sure that the consumers worldwide are able to connect to its marketing tools. When Chevrolet launched Chevy Nova in Mexico, it was rejected because of a negative meaning in the Spanish language. The same was the case with American Motors’ Matador. Therefore, it is important to respect the culture and language of the target countries in order to make a cultural impact on them. 3. Political and Financial risks in international marketing There are considerable risks in international marke ting especially in emerging economies. The economic scenario and performance in such countries is highly unpredictable. Therefore, a company may actually spend millions of dollars in its marketing efforts but its products may simply fail because of external economic factors not under its control. Thus, market research becomes extremely important for marketing in international markets. The financial risks in international marketing & operations are also dependent upon the level of control of a firm. Therefore, a firm involved only in exporting goods or services has the minimum risk from that point of view. The barriers would be less and so will be the sunk costs. However, the low degree of control may impact effectiveness of marketing. If a firm is in joint venture with... This essay stresses that market research becomes extremely important for marketing in international markets. The financial risks in international marketing and operations are also dependent upon the level of control of a firm. A firm involved only in exporting goods or services has the minimum risk from that point of view. The barriers would be less and so will be the sunk costs. The low degree of control may impact the effectiveness of marketing. If a firm is a joint venture with a local firm, the risk increases. The risk is maximum in case of direct investment by a firm in the international markets.Strategic marketing planning deals with the overall direction of the business in line with marketing. It is the role of marketing to establish links between the business and the customers. Firms use various strategies to enter international markets. One of them is the technical innovation strategy where they exhibit technically superior products as compared to competitors in internationa l markets. Other firms may prefer a product adaptation strategy where only modifications and upgrades are made to existing products and services.This paper makes a conclusion that some firms follow availability and security strategy for entry into international markets. They do this by designing an efficient supply chain and transportation network. Many firms also follow a low pricing strategy where the aim is to penetrate the market as early as possible. Lastly, a firm may completely copy an existing product for conformity to acceptable standards.

Seed priming technique

Seed priming technique Abstract Seed priming is a technique by which seeds are partially hydrated to a point where germination processes begin but radical emergence does not occur. Priming can be found effective both for legumes and grain crops. A pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions at Pir Mehr Ali shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during summer of 2007. The seeds were invigorated by traditional soaking (hydropriming), osmo-conditioning (soaking of seeds in aerated, low-water-potential solutions) using, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate KH2PO4, Mannitol, Polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium molybdate (Na2MO4.2H2O) and hormonal priming by using salicylic acid (SA). The ranges of osmotic potential for all the priming treatments were -0.5 to -1.2 M Pa. All the invigoration treatments significantly affected plant vigor, biomass, root, shoot length and nodulation. Osmopriming using P @ 0.60% applied in the form of KH2PO4 significantly improved seed vigour in terms of mean emergence time (5.5 2 to 4.51 days), final germination percentage (74 to 89%) root and shoot length and nodulation (0 to 4 nodules seedling-1) followed by mannitol priming (Mannitol @ 2%). Overall all the seed priming techniques significantly improved the vigour of mungbean seedlings as compare to control. The use of polyethylene glycol is expensive and gave similar results as for dry seeding so it should be replaced by hydropriming in further experiments. It is recommended that nutrient-priming and osmopriming can be used as effective tool for invigoration of mungbean seeds, for better growth and seedling establishment. Key words: Osmo-priming, hydropriming, vigna radiata, seedling vigour, nodulation INTRODUCTION Seed priming is a practice by which seeds are partially hydrated to a point where germination processes begin but radical emergence does not occur (Harris et al., 2000). Seed priming can be found effective for legumes i.e., yields of Mungbean and Chickpea were increased substantially by priming seeds for 8 h before sowing (Harris et al., 1999; Musa et al., 2001; Rashid et al., 2004). Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is grown on over 200,000 ha with production of more than 100,000 t under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Pakistan. Yields for the rainfed area are generally low and variable due to sparse, erratic rainfall and marginal soils. Mungbean production in Punjab Province is dependent mainly on surface irrigation but it is also grown under rain fed conditions. In the Southern region of Pakistan rainfall is scanty and mungbean is grown with surface irrigation only. Poor crop establishment is a major restraint for mungbean production (Naseem et. al., 1997; Rahmianna et al., 2000) and high yields can be associated with early vigor (Kumar et al., 1989). Improved seed invigoration techniques are being used to reduce the germination time, to get synchronized germination, improve germination rate, and improve seedling stand in many horticultural (Bradford et al. 1990; Rudrapal and Nakamura 1998) and field crops like wheat, maize (Aquilla and Tritto 1991; Basra et al. 2002) and more recently rice (Farooq et al. 2004). These invigoration techniques include hydropriming, osmoconditioning (Basra et al. 2005), osmohardening (Farooq et al. 2006) and hardening (Farooq et al. 2004). These treatments can also be employed for earlier and better nursery stand establishment (Lee et al. 1998). This study was initiated to explore the effects of aerated hydration, hormonal priming (salicylic acid), nutrient priming (Phosphorous and molybdenum loading) and osmo-conditioning on mungbean (vigna radiata) seed vigour under green house conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed material Seeds of mungbean cultivar Chakwal Mung-97 (CH-MUNG 97) were obtained from Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal. The seeds were sterilized by using 30% hypochlorite for five minutes and then washed three times with distilled water. Seed Treatments The following seed priming treatments were applied Nutrient priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of phosphorous (P @ 0.60 1.20 %) and molybdate (Mo @ 0.02 0.04 %). The sources for phosphorous and molybdenum were potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4.2H2O), respectively. Osmopriming The seeds were soaked in aerated solutions of mannitol (mannitol @ 2 % 4 %) and polyethylene glycole (Polyethylene glycol @ 5% 10%). Hormonal priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of salicylic acid (SA @ 10 20 ppm) Post treatment operations After seed treatments the seeds were given surface washing three times by distilled water. Aeration was also applied by pump. Air dried soil was placed in 10-cm tall plastic pots with 6-cm diameter. The soil used in the pot experiment was sandy loam having pH of 7.9. Soil was made friable by scratching the surface with a two cm wide table fork to a depth of 1-cm of moist soil. The seeds were also inoculated before sowing. Ten numbers of seeds were planted in each pot and thinned to six plants per pot. Similar amount of water applied in regular intervals to all pots under study. The plants were harvested 21 days after sowing (DAS), and seedlings root/shoot length were taken. The seedlings were dried at 75 oC for 48 hours and the dry matter was finally determined. The complete randomized design (CRD) was used in pot experiment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare treatment means. RESULTS The data showed that different seed priming treatments had significant (p There was significant (p There was significant (p The data depicts that seed priming had significant impact on the root as well as shoot length, 21 days after sowing (DAS). All the priming treatments significantly increased the root as well as shoot length of seedlings. The data revealed that T5 (P @ 0.60%) and T9 (mannitol @ 2 %) gave the best results. The lowest root length (4.56 cm) was observed in control. T4 (Mo @ 0.04%) showed lower root length than T2 and T3 (Mo @ 0.02 %) and higher from control. Treatment T6 (P @ 1.2%) showed lower root length than T5 (P @ 0.06%) and at par with T1 and T4. Hormonal priming using salicylic acid (SA @ 20 ppm) also showed lower root length than T7 (SA @ 10 ppm) and at par with T4 and T6. The data also showed that T10 (mannitol @ 4%) is lower than T9 (mannitol @ 2%) and at par with T7. The data also depicts that T12 (PEG @ 10%) showed lower root length as compare to T11 (PEG @ 5 %) which showed also higher root length than all other treatments except T2 and T9 (Figure 1). Maximum shoot length observed in the T5 (P @ 0.06 %) followed by T9 (mannitol @ 2%). The data also depicts the shortest shoot length was observed in the control. The data also revealed that T4 resulted in lower shoot length than T3 and T2. It is also evident that T6 is lower than T5 and at par with T3 and T2 (Figure 1). T8 showed higher shoot length than T7 and at par with T2, T3 and T6. Treatments T9 and T10 and T11, T12 also showed similar results. Discussion Earlier and more uniform germination and emergence was observed in primed seeds as indicated by lower MET and E50, higher germination percent and root and shoot dry weight (tables 1). Lesser MET and E50 specify the earlier and rapid germination. These findings support the prior work on canola (Brassica compestris) (Zheng et al., 1994), wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Nayyar et al., 1995) and rice (Oryza sativa) (Lee and Kim 2000; Basra et al., 2003) who described improved germination rate and percentage in seeds subjected to hydropriming and seed hardening for 24 h. This study revealed that osmo, nutrient and hormonal priming could invigorate mungbean seeds. One of the reasons for decreased MET is that during pre-sowing seed treatments the dormancy of the seed is broken and the seed bio-chemical processes commences, which lead to faster germination and emergence (Farooq et al., 2006). Seed priming ensured the proper hydration, which resulted in enhanced activity of a-amylase that hydrolyzed the macro starch molecules in to smaller and simple sugars. The availability of instant food to the germinating seed gave a vigorous start as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds (Farooq et al.,2006) during priming de novo synthesis of a-amylase is also documented (Lee and Kim, 2000). Early emergence as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds may be due to the faster production of germination metabolites (Saha et al. 1990; Lee Kim 2000; Basra et al. 2005) and better genetic repair, i.e. earlier and faster synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins (Bray et al. 1989). Gray and Steckel (1983) also concluded that priming increased embryo length, which resulted in early initiation of germination in carrot seeds. The increased shoot and root length in primed plants can be due to metabolic repair of damage during treatment and that change in germination events i.e., changes in enzyme concentration and formation and reduction of lag time between imbibition and radicle emergence (Bradford et al., 1990). Treated seeds had stronger embryos that were able to more easily emerge from seeds (Harris et al., 2005). These results are also in line with the findings of Sekiya et al. (2009) who reported enhanced root and shoot length of seedlings obtained from P enriched seeds. To contribute to plant growth and development seed priming has been widely reported technique (Harris et al., 2005). Ajouri et al. (2004) reported a stimulation of P and Zn uptake, as well as an improved germination and seedling growth in barley after soaking seeds in water and in solutions containing 5-500 mM P. It has been also reported invigorated seeds had higher vigour levels (Ruan et al. 2002), which resulted in earlier start of emergence as high vigour seed lots performed better than low vigour ones (Hampton and Tekrony 1995). Yamauchi and Winn (1996) also reported positive correlation between seed vigour and field performance in rice. Earlier, Zheng et al. (2002) reported earlier and uniform emergence in rice seeds osmoprimed with KCl and CaCl2 and mixed salts under flooded conditions. Hydropriming improved the early and vigorous crop establishment in maize (Nagar et al. 1998) and Helichrysum bracteatum L. (Grzesik Nowak 1998). However, other studies resulted in poor emergence from hydroprimed Kentucky bluegrass seeds under field conditions (Pill Necker 2001). However Nascimento and West (1999) reported early germination of primed seeds but not recorded any improvement in the growth of seedlings in muskmelon seeds under laboratory conditions. Confounding results, where priming did not show any beneficial results, also reported by different research workers (Mwale et al., 2003; Giri and Schillinger, 2003). The increase of nodulation, seedling vigor and tolerance to stresses may depend on various factors occurring during priming treatment. One hypothesis is that benefits of priming can be due to metabolic repair of damage during treatment and that change in germination events i.e., changes in enzyme concentration and formation and reduces lag time between imbibition and radicle emergence (Bradford et al., 1990). One of the possible reasons for early nodule formation may be due to enhanced activity of a-amylase and sucrose synthase in primed seeds which may facilitate plant growth and vigor (Lee and Kim, 2000). From the present study it may be concluded that seed priming may enhance the seedling vigour of mungbean. Nutrient priming using phosphorous and osmopriming with mannitol were the most efficient priming treatments in this study. In further research work biochemical basis for the enhanced phenology of mungbean may be evaluated. REFERENCES Aquilla D. A., V. Tritto. 1991. Germination and biochemical activities in wheat seeds following delayed harvesting, ageing and osmotic priming. Seed Sci.Tech.19:73 82. Anonymous.2009. Agriculture statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of Food,Agriculture and Livestock. Economic wing, Islamabad. Pp. 46-47. Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA). 1998. Rules for testing seeds. J. Seed Tec.12:1-112. Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA).1983.Seed Vigor Testing Handbook. Contribution No. 32 to the Handbook on Seed Testing. Barber, S. A. 1995. Soil nutrient bioavailability, 2nd edn. Willey, New York Basra, S. M. A., M. Farooq, K. Hafeez and N. Ahmad. 2004. Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed invigoration. Int. Rice Res.Notes.29:80 81. Basra SMA, Farooq M, Tabassum R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical aspects of seed vigor enhancement treatments in fine rice (Oryza sativa L.). Seed Sci.Tech.33:623 628. Basra S. M. A., M. N. Zia, T. Mehmood, I. Afzal, A. Khaliq.2002. Comparison of different invigoration techniques in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. Pak. J Arid Agric.5:11 16. Basra, S. M A., Farooq, M. and Tabassum, R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical aspects of seed vigor enhancement treatments in fine rice (Oryza sativa L.). Seed Sci.Tech.33:623-628. Basra, S.M.A., Farooq, M. and Khaliq,A.2003.Comparative study of pre-sowing seed enhancement treatments in fine rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci.1:5-9. Basra, S.M.A., Farooq, M., Hafeez, K and Ahmed, N.2004.Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed invigoration. Inter. Rice Res.Notes.27:74-75. Basra, S.M.A., Farooq, M., Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2005. 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Ancient Burials Essay examples -- Cultural Culture Death Essays

Ancient Burials When someone dies in our society we immediately think of ritualistic burial ceremonies, for example a religious service or open casket. Regardless of where you are from or what your cultural background is every culture has its own method and traditions associated with death. Burials dating back to 15,000-27,660 years ago are culturally and symbolically advanced burials. Therefore providing evidence to represent how socially and culturally advanced modern Homo sapiens really were. However there are those individuals including Anthropologists themselves who refute this statement. They do not believe that modern Homo sapiens that date back this far can possibly be as socially and culturally advanced as I believe them to be. These individuals believe that the evidence and examples including the articles of, The Triple Burial of Dolni Vestonice and The Cap Blanc Lady are in fact accidents and coincidences. A radiocarbon date has been labeled to â€Å"The Triple Burial of Dolni Vestonice† to 27,660 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic era. This specific burial site was excavated in Moscow, Russia in 1986. The gracile skeletons found here were of three ancient people. All three lay side by side. In the middle was the oldest of the three and this skeleton appears to be a woman, due to the analysis of her pelvic region. The entire right side of the woman’s body was not fully developed and her skull shape was asymmetrical. Therefore giving Anthropologists insinuation that she must have had scoliosis due to her deformations. To the left of the woman lies a robust (17 year old boy) with his hand atop of hers. And to the right of the woman lies another robust skeleton (18 or 19 year old boy) with both of his arms touchi... ...n 1911, many anthropologists thought the adult skeleton was a 25 year old male. This proves that anthropologists can be wrong within their predictions. Experiments must be tested several times in order for dates to be accurate. Likewise, in reference to the theories of symbolic burials and the advanced culture of these ancient peoples. Theories may be attested, although we do obtain clear evidence that these burials are not accidents. As I have shown you through two pieces of well studied excavated sites. The Triple Burial of Dolni Vestonice and The Cap Blanc Lady are not accidents and coincidences. Burials that date back to 15,000-27,600 years ago are in fact culturally and symbolically advanced for there time. It’s up to you to formulate your own opinion on this subject matter. Just remember to remind yourself of the questions and the evidence I have provided.